Students are introduced to the advanced concept of PAM as a network of reserves linked within the landscape and off-reserve systems and management through ecological interactions. Major drivers of wildlife endangerment and threats to terrestrial species extinction; concept of fragmentation and habitat loss and effects (faunal relaxation,

extinction debt, edge effects isolation effects, patch size effects, matrix effects) shall be introduced. Maintaining biodiversity over time and space i.e. Concept of spatial ecology. Landscape connectivity and wildlife corridors; and concept of managing matrix habitats to improve habitat connectivity shall be emphasized.